It is, thus, clear that the loss in satisfaction is greater than the gain in satisfaction by spending MN amount of money more on X and the same amount of money less on Y. Thus, if a consumer spends MN amount of money more on commodity X and therefore MM amount of money less on commodity Y, his gain in satisfaction will be equal to MEHM and his loss in satisfaction will be equal to MEHN. This represents consumer’s equilibrium in respect of the expenditure of a given amount of money income OO” on the two commodities X and Y and in this position consumer will be getting maximum satisfaction from the given amount of money income, now, it can be proved that if we spend a little more amount on one commodity and the same amount of money less on the other, the satisfaction will decline. ![]() Thus, when OM amount of money is being spent on commodity x and the remaining O’M is being spent on commodity Y, marginal utility of a rupee spent on these two commodities in the same. That is, at point E marginal utility of rupee spent on commodity X (MU) is equal to the marginal utility of rupee spent on commodity Y (MU y). It will be seen from this figure that the two curves AB and CD showing the diminishing marginal utility of rupees spent on X and Y respectively, intersect at point E. It is worth noting that we read the number of rupees spend on commodity X from left to right and read the number of rupees spent on commodity y from right to left. CD shows the marginal utilities of successive rupees spent on commodity Y with O as the origin. ![]() In this figure, curve AB shows the marginal utilities of successive rupees spent on commodity X with O as the point of origin. Suppose a consumer has got OO amount of money income which he has to spend on two goods X and Y. The law of equi-marginal utility can be graphically illustrated in another way also. Therefore, consumer will be in equilibrium when he is buying 5 units of good X and 3 units of goods Y and will be spending (Rs. By looking at the table it is clear that MU Z/P X is equal to 6 units when the consumer purchases 5 units of goods X and MU Z/P X is equal to 6 units when he buys 3 units of goods y. Suppose, the consumer has Rupees 19 with him to spend on the two goods X and Y. With a given expenditure a rupee has a certain utility for him: this utility is the marginal utility of money by him. This is determined by the size of his money expenditure. The question is how far a consumer goes on purchasing the goods he wants. The consumer will continue Substituting goods X for goods Y till MUy/ P Z becomes equal to MU y / P Z When MU Z/ P Z becomes equal to the Mu y/ P Zy consumer will be in equilibrium.īut the equality of MU Z / P Z with MU y/P Z can be achieved not only at one level but at different levels O expenditure. As a result of this substitution the marginal utility of goods Y will rise. Now, if MUz / P Z and MUy/ P Z are not equal and MUz / P Z -is greater than MUz / P Z then the consumer will substitute goods X for goods Y. That is, consumer is in equilibrium in respect of the purchases of two goods X and Y when The law of equi-marginal utility can, therefore, be stated thus: the consumer will spend his money income on different goods in such a way that marginal utility of each good is proportional to its price. Where MU e is marginal utility of money expenditure and MU z is the marginal utility of the goods X and P z is the price of X.
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![]() Dubai Holding became Emaar’s second-largest stakeholder when Emaar paid AED7.5 billion ($2.04 billion) to fully buy Dubai Creek Harbour from Dubai Holding. ![]() 200,000 people are expected to live there once it is finished. There are 78.5 million square feet of residential area there, and three bridges connect it to the mainland. With a 6 square km area, Dubai Creek Harbour is nearly twice as big as Downtown Dubai. The Dubai Creek Tower, whose construction began in 2016, was designed to eclipse the Burj Khalifa, which stands at 2,716.5 feet and has held the title of world’s tallest. The company’s long-term goals span the next 15 to 20 years and involve both local and foreign developments, with locations planned in Egypt, India, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Pakistan, among other countries. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, construction of the Dubai Creek Tower is currently on hold. Alabbar anticipated further expansion in the UAE real estate sector and expressed excitement about it. The centerpiece of the development is Dubai Creek Tower, which at 928 meters. The Dubai Creek construction is a towering structure that stands against the city skyline. Dubai Creek Residences, Harbor Views and Creek Horizon at Dubai Creek Harbor. The tower is now undergoing redesign after a competition in which numerous well-known international. The Tower Contains a Sky Lounge and Observation Deck. Mohamed Alabbar, the founder of Emaar Properties, provided an update on the Dubai Creek Tower project and disclosed that the tower is currently in the process of being redesigned, according to a statement by Emirates News Agency (WAM). While constructing over 45 new buildings with 15,000 flats this year, Emaar Properties is also looking into additional expansion options in Dubai. Here are 10 fascinating Dubai Creek Tower Facts to better understand how tall and impressive this building will be. Within a year, after around seven to eight months of creating a new idea for the project, construction is expected to start. The tower’s foundations were finished in 2017, but since then, little has been accomplished.Īlabbar disclosed that the tower is now being renovated by an unidentified foreign business that was chosen following a tendering process. The cable-tied structure, created by architect Santiago Calatrava, was initially intended to be 100 metres taller than the Burj Khalifa. Get ready to crane your necks skyward because Dubai is about to soar to new heights – once again.The centrepiece of Emaar Properties’ project, Dubai Creek Tower, is being redesigned, according to Mohamed Alabbar, the company’s founder. As we eagerly await the first shovel in the sand, we can rest assured this new-and-improved addition will once again catapult the city into the record books, leaving the world in a state of awe. The Dubai Creek Tower’s redesign promises a future where architectural boundaries are shattered, and the skyline is forever transformed. In the next 20 years, the development aims to soar the skies with more skyscrapers so expect a skyline upgrade every now and then. Dubai Creek Tower was scheduled for completion in 2022, but has been severely impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. When completed, The Tower will be the tallest building in Dubai, surpassing the current record holder, the Burj Khalifa. The tower is designed to be the centrepiece of the massive development project Dubai Creek Harbour. The Dubai Creek Tower was suspended in 2020, and there has been no indication of the construction restarting two years later, although Emaar has yet to officially comment on the status of the development, the company has removed all mentions and rendered images of the tower on its website. It’s on a tower-ific mission to roll out 45 towers, boasting 15,000 apartments in the year 2023 alone. The Tower at Dubai Creek Harbour is a mega-tall skyscraper under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. So when can we expect to see this wonder start to rise from the desert sands? According to WAM, construction for this redesign will kick off next year.Īnd that’s not all that Emaar Properties is up to. And now with plans for a restructuring, things are getting into gear once again. However, because of the pandemic, all work on-site was indefinitely stopped in 2020. Dubai Creek Tower, located in the 6 sqkm Dubai Creek Harbour, completed concrete placement for the pile cap two months ahead of scheduled. A post shared by Dubai Creek Tower for the initial design of Dubai Creek Tower began in 2016 with an expected completion in 2025. ![]() Our Industrial Advisory Board – an invited body of professionals from across the professional music sector, including several alumni – actively supports the ongoing development of our courses to ensure they deliver the skills and opportunities our students need to prepare them for life after university. ![]() We work closely with our students, particularly through our active Student Staff Partnership Forum, to ensure that we offer the best possible experience to everyone studying in the School of Music. Practice research in music and the arts.Music technology in theory and practice.Contemporary and experimental composition.Black, popular, independent and global musical cultures.Academics in Mathematics have expertise across pure mathematics, applied mathematics and statistics, and Music staff specialisms include: Our staff expertise feeds directly into our curriculum. Mathematics is also ranked highly within its sector, with 98% of the University’s research in this area rated as being at least ‘internationally excellent’, with 41% classed as ‘world leading’. Each of these measures places us within the top 10 Schools of Music in the country based on the REF 2021 results for the subject area. In the recent national Research Excellence Framework (REF 2021) exercise, 93% of our research was considered to be ‘internationally excellent’ or better in terms of its originality, significance and rigour, with 56% rated as ‘world leading’ – the highest classification. Additionally, the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences has a specific commitment to supporting women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Decolonisation, equality and inclusivity are embedded within the curriculum, so all our students can feel a sense of belonging in both Schools and can thrive on their course, no matter what their background and prior experience. Our size enables us to attract a diverse body of students from across the UK and internationally, which gives the Schools vibrant communities and cultures. The School of Music is one of the largest in the country, and the School of Mathematics is part of a large Engineering and Physical Sciences Faculty, each of which brings several benefits to our students. All these elements combine to provide you with an exciting and dynamic educational experience that’s unique to Leeds. You’ll have opportunities to work independently and collaboratively, developing your skills and knowledge in contexts that extend beyond the university environment. Across your course you’ll engage with the latest research, explore a range of theoretical, creative, applied and practical aspects of mathematics and music, and develop a set of valuable subject-specific and transferrable skills. You’ll study with academics who are experts in their fields, receive support from a dedicated technical team, and take lessons with a visiting professional specialist if you study solo performance. ![]() You can personalise your course by choosing optional modules from mathematics and a broad range of areas of music – including aesthetics, analysis, contemporary composition, film music, the music business, musicology, music psychology, music technology, performance (solo and collaborative) and popular music – enabling you to shape your degree to fit your interests and ambitions. ![]() You’ll develop your skills as a creative, critical and reflective thinker and problem solver, gaining the tools and experience needed to be an independent worker, ready for life after university. The core of the course provides a grounding in pure and applied mathematics, drawing on musics from a range of genres, styles, cultural and social contexts, and geographic locations to explore key concepts, theories and approaches. From the vibration of a guitar string and the analysis of a rhythmic pattern, to the use of randomness in experimental music, mathematics continues to impact music at every level. Links between mathematics and music have been known since the time of Pythagoras. Our BSc Mathematics and Music course is designed to enable you to pursue dual specialisms in the areas of mathematics and music that interest and excite you. ![]() You may see white cabinets with dark granite counter tops, or black cabinets with a shiny white countertop. Modern design is all about the neutral colors – black, white and grey, so these colors will feature prominently in any modern kitchen. Walls are generally white to add to the airy feeling, and the majority of furniture is in neutral shades, with colorful accents adding a bold contrast. Kitchens often feature brushed stainless steel, chrome or nickel cabinet hardware, with either bold geometric mosaics or sleek glass backsplash elements. In recent years, sustainability has featured strongly in modern décor and more designers are using reclaimed materials or renewable resources to create and build modern furniture. The concept that drives this design style is honesty, with the framework and natural materials used to make anything in plain view. Every piece of furniture, from door knobs and drawer pulls to dinner tables, are designed to serve a purpose. And what furniture you find will be streamlined with surfaces that are sleek, smooth and polished. ![]() The main characteristic of modern design is the fact that furniture is kept to a bare minimum. Because there are almost no accessories creating disorder, modern interiors are considered one of the most serene and calming spaces to be in. A modern interior focuses on organization and functionality, embraces the principle of ‘less is more’ and the chaos of clutter is not allowed! It’s all about taking advantage of open spaces and allowing them to speak for themselves. Modern furniture is usually extremely functional and doesn’t have any extra frills or decoration. Featuring the simplest of edges, curves and angles with natural materials such as leather, wood, linen, polished metal and glass, as well as molded plastic and plywood modern interior design is often referred to as ‘retro’ and was extremely popular from the 1920’s to 1950’s. If you like combining neutrals with bright splashes of primary colors, open spaces that are free of adornments, and clean lines then the style that would be perfect for your interior décor is modern design. ![]() Modern Cabinet Hardware: Simple, Clean and Uncluttered ![]() The SSH Server is developed and supported professionally by Bitvise. It is robust, easy to install, easy to use, and works well with a variety of SSH clients, including Bitvise SSH Client, OpenSSH, and PuTTY. You are still continue using your favorite SSH client, but you are no longer messing around with PuTTY windows - each window will be opened in a separate tab. dynamic port forwarding through an integrated proxy īitvise SSH Server is an SSH, SFTP and SCP server for Windows.The SSH Client is robust, easy to install, easy to use, and supports all features supported by PuTTY, as well as the following: SuperPuTTY is a Graphical User Interface (GUI)-based Windows application that is mainly employed for tab management for PuTTY SSH Client.PuTTY, the open-source terminal emulator is a competent program on its own, but it does lack a tabbed interface. PuTTY was originally written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to various other operating systems. It is developed and supported professionally by Bitvise. The tool supports various network protocols that allow. Then, wipe the surface clean of any remnants with a damp rag. It can also communicate over a serial port, or speak various legacy Internet protocols such as Telnet. PuTTY alternatives are mainly Terminal Emulators but may also. PuTTY is a free and open-source program for Windows that includes very useful features for developers. Use a strong putty knife to scrape window edges clean of the old caulking and peeling paint. PuTTY is a communications tool for running interactive command-line sessions on other computers, usually via the SSH protocol. Other great apps like PuTTY are OpenSSH, Tabby Terminal, MobaXterm and mRemoteNG. The best PuTTY alternative is KiTTY, which is both free and Open Source. They are not endorsements by the PuTTY project.īitvise SSH Client is an SSH and SFTP client for Windows. There are more than 100 alternatives to PuTTY for a variety of platforms, including Windows, Linux, Mac, Android and iPhone apps. PuTTY is open source software that is available with source code and is developed and supported by a group of volunteers.īelow suggestions are independent of PuTTY. PuTTY is an SSH and telnet client, developed originally by Simon Tatham for the Windows platform. The SSH Server is developed and supported professionally by Bitvise.Download PuTTY - a free SSH and telnet client for Windows It is robust, easy to install, easy to use, and works well with a variety of SSH clients, including Bitvise SSH Client, OpenSSH, and PuTTY. The SSH Client is robust, easy to install, easy to use, and supports all features supported by PuTTY, as well as the following: They are not endorsements by the PuTTY project.īitvise SSH Client is an SSH and SFTP client for Windows. It was first written for Microsoft Windows, but it has also been ported to some other Unix-like. ![]() PuTTY is open source software that is available with source code and is developed and supported by a group of volunteers.īelow suggestions are independent of PuTTY. PuTTY is a free and open-source terminal emulator application. ![]() It provides an easy way to securely connect to a. PuTTY is an SSH and telnet client, developed originally by Simon Tatham for the Windows platform. PuTTY is a free, open-source, and widely used terminal emulator and SSH client for Windows, Linux, and Mac. Download PuTTY - a free SSH and telnet client for Windows His machine used burning coal to boil water to create steam. The first person toĬreate, what he called an ‘atmospheric engine’, was Thomas Newcomen in 1712. The most significant invention of the Industrial Revolution was the discovery of how to harness the power of hot steam to run engines. New machines that incorporated horses in their processes included threshing machines, which separated wheat grain from the plant husks of the wheat plant, Even the most common transport, the horse and cart, was not replaced until the 20th century. These animals were then used for pulling mine carts and boats alongĬanals. The most obvious example was agricultural machines, which were pulled along by horses or oxen. Then, in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, inventors tried to use these traditional power sources for their creations, with limited success. Rainfall throughout the four seasons of the year and animals needed to sleep, be fed, and could fall ill. However, each of these power sources were unreliable: wind constant changed speed or disappeared without warning water could also rise or fall depending upon This included harnessing the power of wind, water or From rice paddies worked by water buffalo to modern-day innovations powered by steam engines or tractors driven by oxen or horses.For millennia in British history, any mechanical processes required natural sources of energy to work. This invention marked another milestone in agricultural technology, streamlining processes and increasing efficiency on farms worldwide. ![]() Advancements continued with steam-powered machinery such as Ingletons Improved Steam Plow in 1892 America. ![]() Louis Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad. ![]() , shaping landscapes for railroads like the St. Yet before cars rolled off assembly lines at Ford factories, mammoth plows were crafted by Deere & Co. Fast forward to more recent times when Henry Ford revolutionized transportation with his innovative automobile manufacturing methods. Called from his plow to lead Rome during times of crisis, he exemplifies how even great leaders can rise from simple origins and make lasting impacts on society. In America's rich tapestry, Cincinnatus emerges as a symbol of civic virtue and humble beginnings. These illuminations from Jean, Duke of Berry's 15th-century manuscript depict not only farming techniques but also highlight how deeply rooted plowing is within human history. Oxen laboriously pull plows while farmers prune vines during March's awakening. The story continues across continents as we delve into ancient Egyptian agriculture. Legend has it that an angel once assisted him in tilling a field with unwavering precision - a testament to the divine intervention believed to bless those who work tirelessly on their land. Across Europe, Saint Isidore is revered as the patron saint of plowers. In Derbyshire, England, shire horses gracefully plow through the fertile fields, showcasing a traditional method that has stood the test of time in this picturesque corner of the United Kingdom. Plowing has been an integral part of agricultural practices for centuries, and its significance can be witnessed in various parts of the world. All Professionally Made to Order for Quick Shipping This rail must be designed so people can grasp it firmly. Handrails provide a handhold for support. To know more about stair parts, here’s our guide to stair components. Handrails are typically used with any stairway consisting of more than three risers. Mounted to a wall or partition by brackets attached to its lower side, a handrail provides a supporting handhold for employees or visitors who might be disabled, have trouble walking, or otherwise prefer assistance when navigating stairs, ramps, slopes, or other surfaces. While handrails promote safe movement, they are not intended to be life-saving devices. Unlike handrails, guardrails are designed to be life-saving devices around metal steps, landings, platforms, openings, accessible roof spaces, or other hazards. While guardrails can come in a variety of custom styles, they consist of top rails, intermediate rails, and posts assembled to prevent employee falls, as well as toeboards, which keep equipment, materials, and employees’ feet from slipping off the edge. Guardrails - also known as standard railings - are vertical barriers that protect employees and visitors against falls from elevated surfaces, alert workers to the presence of hazards, and prevent unauthorized access to restricted areas. ![]() ![]() ![]() While guardrails and handrails sound similar and perform the same general function - fall protection - the actual definition and code requirements for each differ considerably. Without safety barriers like guardrails and handrails, anyone working at a height of six feet or more is defenseless against a fall. Falls from rooftops and other heights are a leading cause of injury and death in the construction, manufacturing, and other industries.įall injuries not only cause suffering (or worse) to employees, but they also create an increased financial burden for their families and employers. ![]() In Find Devices on, select the device in the All Devices list on the left. If you still have the device, see the Apple Support article Activation Lock for iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch, Activation Lock for Mac, or About Activation Lock on your Apple Watch. If you forgot to turn off Find My before you sold or gave away your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, or Apple Watch, you can turn off Activation Lock using Find Devices on. Reply to a shared reminder list invitation.Mark a reminder as completed or not completed.If you can’t create, import, edit, or delete contacts.Receive emails for updates to shared calendars.What you can do with iCloud and third-party apps.What you can do with iCloud and Reminders.Set up iCloud Keychain and iCloud Passwords.What you can do with iCloud Keychain and iCloud Passwords.What you can do with iCloud and Numbers.What you can do with iCloud and Messages.What you can do with iCloud and Keynote.Back up your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch.What you can do with iCloud and Freeform.What you can do with iCloud and Contacts.Send and receive invitations for iCloud Calendar. ![]() What you can do with iCloud and Calendar.Check your iCloud storage on any device.What you can do with iCloud+ and Custom Email Domain.What you can do with iCloud+ and HomeKit Secure Video.What you can do with iCloud+ and Hide My Email.What you can do with iCloud+ and iCloud Private Relay.How iCloud keeps information up to date.Overview of apps and features that use iCloud.In case you unfortunately lose any data from your iPhone/iPad/iPod, you can rely on iPhone Data Recovery to help you recover important iOS data like contacts, messages, video, documents from the device, iTunes backup as well as iCloud backup. If you do not see any option of "Remove from Account", you can click "All Devices" again, then click the cross Delete button next to the device. Then the device will be removed out from the device list. Step 5Click the option of "Remove from Account". Step 4Click on the iOS device that you want to remove from "Find My iPhon"e. Step 3Click "All Devices" option, and you are able to find all Apple devices that have enabled "Find My iPhone". Visit and enter the Apple ID and password to log in. Step 1Power off the device you want to remove. If you cannot turn off Find My iPhone on the device, you are able to turn off Find My iPhone from. Use iCloud to remove iOS device from Find My iPhone Step 3Uncheck the box of "Find My Mac", but you have to type the admin password to confirm the change. Step 1Search for and launch "Find My iPhone" from Mac computer, and click on "System Preferences". But you need to enter the Apple ID and password.įor removing Mac from the "Find My Mac" list, you can following the steps. Step 2From the menu, and tap on "Find My ". Step 1Unlock the iPhone/iPad/iPod, and navigate to Settings app. Head over to your iPhone/iPad/iPod, you can remove iOS device from "Find My " list. However, what if you don't want to let your iPhone/iPad/iPod/Mac be protected? This article is going to show you how to remove iOS device from 'Find My iPhone' and iCloud. Once you have turned on 'Find My iPhone' from your iPhone/iPad/iPod, the device will be iCloud activation locked.īut you should know that once you've entered the iCloud credentials, the device will not be easily accessed, which can be a good feature so that you can prevent data loss even when your iPhone/iPad/iPod is stolen or you have nowhere to find the device. In terms of security, many users would like to activate 'Find My iPhone' app for enjoying better features. How to Remove iPhone/iPad/iPod/Mac from Find My iPhone and iCloud The pathogenic fungi of the genus Alternaria are responsible for a variety of severe illnesses. This creature is a Deuteromycete as it has no reported sexual dimorphism. What is the Early Blight Pathogen’s Biology?Įarly blight tomato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria solani. Infections flourish in conditions of high humidity and temperatures exceeding 75 degrees Fahrenheit. ![]() Foliage that stays wet for another 5 to 10 hours, depending on temperature, allows germinating conidia to infect tissues. When a thin film of water is present on a leaf, conidia can germinate. When it rains or a sprinkler system is used, any fungal conidia spores that have survived in the soil or plant debris are splattered on the lower leaves. The fungus that causes early blight tomato can overwinter on dead plants or be transmitted from year to year in contaminated seeds. The “collar rot” phase of the disease weakens or kills early tomato seedlings by causing sores around the stem. Stem lesions often have a depressed look, a lens shape with a bright center, and the ring pattern of a solo lesions. As lesions spread and new ones grow, entire leaves may become chlorotic and dehisce, resulting in severe defoliation. ![]() The “bullseye” lesion is a classic early blight tomato symptom. Lesions with a diameter greater than 10 mm display concentric rings of dark pigmentation. Small black or brown lesions, often 1 to 2 mm in diameter, appear initially on leaves and, under ideal conditions, enlarge, frequently surrounded by a yellow halo. Tomatoes and potatoes exhibit indications of early blight tomato on their stems, leaves, and tubers, respectively. Cankers with a similar appearance, which are dark and depressed in the middle, are frequently observed on stems at or above the soil line. Eventually, infected patches may migrate to the stem and fruit, where they manifest as dark, sunken spots. Spots can progressively coalesce to produce bigger lesions that can finally damage an entire leaf. The spots, which can be up to half an inch in diameter, feature a distinctive target-like pattern composed of concentric rings or ridges encircled by a golden halo. Five to ten dark, round dots on a leaf indicate early blight tomato. Early blight tomatoes can also damage the foliage of potatoes. It almost yearly causes substantial leaf, stem, and fruit damage to West Virginia’s tomato production. The fungus Alternaria solani causes early blight tomatoes, which is one of the most prevalent tomato illnesses. What is an Early Blight Tomato early blight tomato Several wild species accessions have been reported to have high levels of resistance to early blight however, breeding lines still carry undesirable horticultural traits from the donor parent. Breeding for resistance to early blight tomato has been conducted for over 60 years nevertheless, the quantitative expression and polygenic inheritance of the resistance have prevented the generation of cultivars with high levels of resistance. ![]() Alternaria solani-caused diseases can harm the leaves, stems, and fruits of tomato plants. This disease damages the crops in the United States, Australia, India, China, Canada, the Philippines, and other countries where tomatoes grow.Įarly blight of the tomato, the most destructive of these diseases, is a serious concern during the breeding phase. The most common fungal disease of the orchids is early blight tomato. Because it is linked to the poisonous belladonna and deadly nightshade, tomatoes were once cultivated as ornamental plants in France and northern Europe and considered with suspicion as a food source. This was particularly the case in Spain and Italy. Early in the 16th century, the Spanish appear to have been the first European nation to use the tomato as a food. The wild species presumably originated in Peru or Ecuador in the Andes Mountains of South America. Tomatoes are believed to have been domesticated in pre-Columbian Mexico, from which they derive their name. Most maps or cross sections show a number of flow tubes to represent general groundwater flow conditions (Figure 77a). Potentiometric maps can have an infinite number of flow tubes as there are as many tubes as there are pairs of flow lines. Conceptually, the discharge through flow tubes is constant under steady state conditions. As presented in the previous sub sections, a set of parallel flow lines encompasses a flow tube. However, it may be referred to as a potentiometric map, water table map or a flow net. When flow lines are added to sets of equipotential lines the potentiometric map becomes a flow net (Figure 77). Strictly speaking, a potentiometric map or cross section is a representation of the distribution of head (head values and equipotential lines). Potentiometric Maps, Cross Sections and Flow Nets Challenges to presenting, developing and interpreting potentiometric information are included in this section. Interpretation of the mapped gradients and behavior of groundwater flow can shed light on the aquifer conditions including changes in hydraulic conductivity, aquifer thickness, and can be used to identify the location of recharge and discharge areas. Head measurements obtained from field investigations are used to interpret horizontal and vertical groundwater flow directions and rates, and the potential for exchange between aquifers and aquitards. Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross SectionsĪ key component of evaluating groundwater flow conditions is the construction of potentiometric maps of unconfined and confined aquifers and, in complex groundwater systems, representations of multiple aquifers and aquitards. ![]() In most cases, it is necessary to determine the groundwater flow system behavior under both steady-state and transient conditions, and to prepare a water budget. Meeting these goals requires an understanding of the geologic framework forming the aquifer system, physical and hydraulic boundary conditions, as well as the locations, rates and timing of groundwater sources (e.g., recharge, stream leakage) and sinks (e.g., pumping, evapotranspiration). Hydrogeologic investigations have specific goals defined to answer questions related to applied groundwater projects or to meet research objectives. |
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